NEW EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUES IMPROVE REALISM OF AIR Essays - Eye

NEW EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUES IMPROVE REALISM OF AIR Essays - Eye NEW EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUES IMPROVE REALISM OF AIRCRAFT SIMULATORS NEW EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUES IMPROVE REALISM OF AIRCRAFT SIMULATORS A simulated flight environment for pilot training may soon be made more realistic through the use of eye-tracking technology developed by researchers at the University of Toronto's Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IMBE). Many safety and cost benefits are obtained by training aircraft pilots under simulated conditions, but to be effective the simulation must be convicingly realistic. At present, th e training facilities use large domes and gimballed projectors, or an array of video screens, to display computer-generated images. But these installations are very expensive and image resolution is low. Further, it would take an enormous amount of addi to improve image quality significantly throughout the whole viewed scene. However, based on the visual properties of the eye, realism can be obtained by providing a high-resolution 'area of interest' insert within a large, low-resolution field of view. If the image-generating computer 'knows' where the pilot's fixation is, it mage there. The technology to make this possible was developed by a research team headed by Professor Richard Frecker and Professor Moshe Eizenman. The work was carried out in collaboration with CAE Electronics Ltd. of Montreal with financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Their eye-tracker can record and analyze accurately up to 500 eye positions per second. The system works by means of capturing and processing the reflections of a low-level beam o f invisible infra-red light shone onto the eye. Multi-element arrays capture the image of the eye and digitize the information, which is then processed in real time by a fast, dedicated signal processing unit. The difference in position between the ligh tre of the pupil reveals the instantaneous direction of gaze. Developments by the IBME team have significantly increased the speed of signal processing in addition to enhancing accuracy of eye position estimates. Eizenman believes that "these improvements make our eye-tracker very effective in monitoring the large G-force environment where the pilot tends to make larger eye movements because of contraints which exist on movements of his head". In a new generation of aircraft simulators, under development by CAE Electronics Ltd. of Montreal, a head tracker which tells the direction of the pilot's head is mounted on top of the helmet. The eye tracker is mounted on the front of the helmet, and is ll exactly where the pilot's eye is fixating. Frecker said that "successful integration of our eye tracker into the novel helmet-mounted CAE flight simulator would result in a new generation of simulators that would likely replace the current large domes and cumbersome video display units." Initial tests of the integrated system will be carried out in collaboration with CAE Electronics at Williams Air Force Base in Arizona later this year.

5 Simple Exercises for Truck Drivers

5 Simple Exercises for Truck Drivers Forget traffic jams and treacherous road conditions- the real scourge of truck drivers everywhere is back pain! It can be more than a nuisance, it can be career ending! Yes, as a driver you’re going to spend lots of hours sitting behind the wheel. But that doesn’t mean you have to just sit   and wait for back pain to happen, and just accept it. TheHealthyTrucker.net has a plan to drive away back pain with five helpful exercises.1. Back bendsPlace your hands on your hips, behind your back. Then lean back and hold for 5–10 seconds; complete 5 reps. This will really help decompress your spine!2. Front bendsPlace your hands on your hips, behind your back. Then lean forward and hold for 5–10 seconds; complete 5 reps. This will help loosen up your hamstrings and increase leg circulation.3. Side bendsPut your hands to your sides; raise one hand and stretch it to the side for 5–10 seconds, as if you were trying to reach something. Then do it with the othe r hand; complete 5 reps. This will help lengthen your torso muscles and stretch your outer hip muscles.4.  Knees upFind a wall or use the side of your truck for this one. Place your hands apart, just outside of shoulder width, and bring each knee up, one at a time, turning it to the side and taking it across your body for 30–60 seconds. This will help loosen and strengthen your glutes and stretch your pelvis.5. Neck stretchPlace one hand to your side and stretch the other out 90 degrees, and then lean your head to the opposite side. Using your outstretched arm, try to reach out as far as you can and move your neck as far as you can the opposite way. Do this for 5–10 seconds and repeat with the other arm; complete 5 reps. This will help relieve tension in the shoulders and neck. Use these exercises to help put back pain in your rear view mirror- and keep it there for good!

Mobile report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mobile report - Coursework Example (Ahonen and Melkko, 2008, 44-99) PhyÃ'•ically, itÃ'• very Ã'•imilar to the iPhone 3G, much more Ã'•o than the Diamond, complete with Ã'•lim, candybar form factor, a large Ã'•creen dominating the front panel and minimaliÃ'•t controlÃ'•. Compare the phoneÃ'• Ã'•ide by Ã'•ide and youll find that dimenÃ'•ionÃ'• are remarkably Ã'•imilar too, though the Omnia iÃ'• a little Ã'•limmer, narrower and Ã'•horter than the iPhone 3G, at 12.5 x 112 x 56.9mm compared to 12.3 x 115.5 x 62mm. Ð…o how exactly doeÃ'• it Ã'•tack up elÃ'•ewhere? Well, aÃ'• youd expect from a modern WindowÃ'• Ã'•martphone, thereÃ'• a pile of featureÃ'• and many of theÃ'•e appear to match or outÃ'•trip the iPhone 3G equivalent. It haÃ'• a five-megapixel camera on the rear with an LED flaÃ'•h and a VGA video call camera on the front - the iPhoneÃ'• iÃ'• three megapixelÃ'• leÃ'•Ã'• and it haÃ'• no video call feature. It alÃ'•o haÃ'• HÐ…DPA of up to 7.2Mb/Ã'•ec, a 624MHz proceÃ'•Ã'•or, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, a GPÐ… receiver and an FM radio. PluÃ'• it comeÃ'• with a decent helping of Ã'•torage – either 8GB or 16GB with microÐ…D expanÃ'•ion aÃ'• well. ItÃ'• Ã'•creen, however, at 3.2 incheÃ'• iÃ'•nt quite aÃ'• luxuriouÃ'•ly Ã'•paciouÃ'• aÃ'• the iPhoneÃ'• and itÃ'• 400 x 280 reÃ'•olution iÃ'• alÃ'•o inferior. ThereÃ'• alÃ'•o no 3.5mm headphone Ã'•ocket and though a converÃ'•ion dongle iÃ'• included in the box, wed Ã'•ooner not have to carry an adapter around juÃ'•t to liÃ'•ten to muÃ'•ic and it Ã'•eemÃ'• a needleÃ'•Ã'• overÃ'•ight given the capaciouÃ'• Ã'•torage on offer. (Ahonen and Melkko, 2008, 44-99) The camera, however, iÃ'• the main highlight here. ItÃ'• reÃ'•olution iÃ'• the main headline: five megapixelÃ'• iÃ'• the higheÃ'•t reÃ'•olution Ive Ã'•een in a WindowÃ'• Mobile device, but it alÃ'•o haÃ'• image Ã'•tabiliÃ'•ation, which meanÃ'• you dont have to rely on the leÃ'•Ã'•-than-ideal LED flaÃ'•h in difficult lighting. The reÃ'•ultÃ'• are impreÃ'•Ã'•ive. Inevitably given the pinhole lenÃ'• Ã'•hotÃ'• are a little noiÃ'•y in low light

Should the U.S. step back its relationship with Israel Research Paper

Should the U.S. step back its relationship with Israel - Research Paper Example For instance, the Liberty Bell inscribes that â€Å"Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof†, a statement that is taken from Old Testament scripture, Leviticus 25:10 (West, 2012). More so, the common U.S slogan â€Å"In God We Trust† came up through the influence of the Jews. Ideally, the relationship between U.S and Israel strengthened and thrived over the decades. However, the current state of the relationship seems to waver due to intensified conflicts between Israel and its neighbors known as the Middle East, where U.S intervention and objective of uniformly uniting all the warring countries seem to create bad blood from Israel, who expects U.S to back it up in spite of its reasons behind the conflict. This paper will review the current question causing heated debates on the political scene on whether or not U.S should step back its relationship with Israel. The current relationship between United States and Israel is considered as an important factor by U.S government and its overall policy. This is because congress has been and still is supporting and maintaining the relationship. The congressional research service portrays the evidence by quoting George Bush’s government prime minister Ariel Sharon saying, â€Å"‘there exists a deep friendship between Israel and U.S. - between our peoples and countries. The basis of this friendship is common values, a commitment to democratic values, freedom, peace, and common interests, including the drive toward regional stability and preventing terrorism and violence†, (ProCon, 2007). The reason unto why these two countries share a strong bond is because the share a lot in common that include deeply held self-reliance principles, religious freedom, individual responsibility, similar passion for innovation and entrepreneurship and above all they share a common enemy in radical I slam. In this regard, U.S

Legalizing Prostitution Essay Example for Free

Legalizing Prostitution Essay â€Å"Prostitution may be the worlds oldest profession, and laws prohibiting prostitution may well be the oldest example of government regulation, government sex discrimination and overall government control. Recent research indicates that over one million women in the United States earn their living by full-time prostitution† (The Case for). Over half of the world’s population has experienced, participated or heard of prostitution. This shows that many people, buyers and sellers, are in some way a part of the prostitution profession, so for the United States government to ban prostitution for only a moral reason, and wasting hard working Americans tax dollars on fighting prostitution seems ridiculous and an overall waste of time. Since we live in a free society it makes no sense for the government to be telling people that they cannot charge a fee for harmless services. Such proof is why Prostitution should be legal. For more reasons than one, prostitution is popular in areas where the crime rates are very high, due to these police officers and courtrooms are overwhelmed with prostitution cases; which is very costly. Every other day there is a case about prostitution being brought in front of a judge and what does it do the business? , absolutely nothing. Just think about it, if prostitution were legal, police officers would have less work with trying to â€Å"eliminate† prostitution and more time protecting the community from the REAL crimes such as, murder, rape, and robbery. â€Å"It is estimated that if prostitution were legalized in the United States, the rape rate would decrease by roughly 25% for a decrease of approximately 25,000 rapes per year† (Prostitution and Sex Crimes). Other countries have already figured this out; it boggles the mind to why the U. S. just can’t get with the program. If prostitution were to become legal, it must be looked over and done in safe fashion, not just for the prostitute or employee but for the customer. Due to prostitution being illegal, it has been forced into the streets. Since most of these streets have high crime rates, this puts most of the prostitutes in danger. Prostitution thrives at night, it involves them getting into cars with strangers which is easy pickings for serial killers and other sociopaths who will cause them harm. America can look at European cities for a little bit of inspiration. In many European cities prostitution is allowed designated areas like brothels and areas called red-light districts. People who are interested in getting their â€Å"needs met† can go to one of these places where such acts are permitted. Therefore, the prostitutes can work in safer environments. Many Americans feel that allowing prostitution into society will increase the STD rates in the U. S. But in reality, it may help delete these huge statistics drastically. If prostitution was to be legalized and made a taxable business, there can be health and safety precautions made. Like mandatory STD checks and blood tests run on every single client and employee. This eliminates the fear of catching a disease slim to none. But if prostitution is still going to be illegal, then honestly the rates will continue to rise. Records show that the cities with the highest STD rates are Washington, D. C. , and New York City. â€Å"Prostitution is an institution of male domination and exploitation of women. †(Raymond) Men coming in willing to buy â€Å"favors† from these women means actually puts them on a pedestal. It shows that women still have the say so in society, in life, and in a â€Å"man’s world†. But people seem to forget the males roll in all this. â€Å"Research, programs, and legislation related to sex trafficking are often premised on the invisibility of the male buyer and the failure to address men’s role in buying and abusing women in prostitution. †(Raymond) None of this can be done without a man. But still, it seems that everyone wants to place the blame on the prostitutes who are simply just doing their job. So it’s safe to say that there is some kind of a double standard that is related to this matter. Human beings as a species always want to destroy something that they can’t really understand. The people who are trying to get rid of and/or ban prostitution do not know the person’s situation. This could be all they have left in order to supply for their family. But if the prostitute is willing to face these acts, then let them. It’s their life. A sensitive issue to some, but it’s an issue nonetheless. Prostitution is something that isn’t just going to go away. Why political leaders are trying to ban/abolish it is mind boggling. Since pretty much the beginning of time prostitution has been broadcasted to the world; it was never a secret. But the media describes it as something that is just plain wrong. But the real question is why? Many opinions are based on personal preferences and moral reasons, which shouldn’t be a deciding factor on such a broad and debatable topic. The media shows how media how prostitution is wrong, but little do they know it’s showing why it should be legalized. Prostitution is defined as the engaging in, or agreeing to engage in, sexual conduct for a fee. Women are pushed into entering prostitution for many reasons including lack of education, poverty, and personal choice. Prostitution is currently illegal, but there is much controversy surrounding this issue. â€Å"There are approximately 1. 3 million prostitutes in the United States today. However, there is only an arrest figure of about 100,000 prostitutes in 1995, and the number of arrests has been fairly consistent since then. The General consensus has shown that law enforcement has been generally ineffective in the removal of prostitution from our society. †(Prostitution Policy) There are many people involved in prostitution, seventy percent of which are female, twenty percent male, and ten percent customers. Quite a large amount of citizens are actively fighting against prostitution. On the opposed side, many are fighting to legalize it. â€Å"Legalized prostitution cannot exist alongside the true equality of women. The idea that one group of women should be available for men’s sexual access is founded on structural inequality by gender, class and race† (Argument). This is an example of something that has changed drastically. Nowadays women seek prostitution as an option to provide . Although some are forced into this lifestyle, one has to think of the â€Å"what if’s†. For example, a mother has a child that is starving and finding a legitimate job just isn’t an option for her right now; what is she to do to provide for her child. Well, it seems that the only realistic thing for her to do is to let the child starve. A bit harsh an unreasonable, but so is banning something that just isn’t going away. Different methods have been expressed to find a way to get rid of this â€Å"crime†. But desperate times call for desperate measures. Since Prostitution is single handedly the biggest slap in the face to America, how about we send every single person who knows and/or participated in prostitution to jail for life. Seems legit and fair; these people have done the unthinkable and they should be punished. Now that over a million people is in jail for sex that leaves the police to fight the real criminals. For example, murders, killer’s, thieves, and can’t forget about child molesters. We will leave these people in the streets because they just don’t compare to disgusting and vile life of a prostitute. â€Å"With the new law legalizing prostitution, it would make it easier for the government to regulate. In past centuries, it is not hard to find news about selling women to be prostitutes on the black market or minors stepping into this business before being mature enough to figure their lives out†( The Present Is). Sadly, no one could really stop the problem since all of these actions were taken underground. Setting up new laws regarding the prostitution issue, brothels would have to be licensed which would make it easier for the government to monitor and prevent forced prostitution. It may seem like a wild idea; but think about the jobs that prostitution could bring to the economy, its already booming in the underground world. An extreme alternative but a job nevertheless. That struggling mother could provide for her child or her family or he/she could do it for their own â€Å"personal† reasons, either way it’s their body. Who is America to tell them what they could do with it. It could open up more nursing positions due to the fact that a strict and mandatory STD screening will be given to each customer. It could also open up other secretarial positions because someone is going to have to keep track of who’s doing what with who. Making this a business isn’t â€Å"all† about sex; it can actually provide jobs for people who need it. For the media, prostitution never shows any pros about the matter, but always finds a way to express the cons. In figure number one, you can see a little girl with an aged face lying in a bed next to a grown man. Many would say that this is the exact reason why prostitution should stay the way it is; illegal. But think about it, if allowing prostitution to be legalized then the disgusting sex trafficking â€Å"business† would soon vanish. In figure number two, it shows an American Flag with the words, â€Å"Sex Worker Rights Are Human Rights. † This is obviously an ad that agrees with legalizing prostitution. The American Flag is displayed to show what America stands for; which is for equality for all. If a person decides to sell his/her body for money, then let them. For example, guns are allowed in America, despite what the government is trying to do right now, guns are allowed. Taking that away from users is taking away their human rights and their constitutional rights as well. Same thing with prostitution, a person may feel as if what they are doing is their personal preference which falls into human rights. In other words; let these people live. In conclusion, prostitution is an underground business that isn’t going to go away. It’s something that isn’t going to go away. The government, once again, is trying to control the way we choose to live our lives. Everyone has rights of their own and its up to them to figure out what is right and what is wrong. Prostitution goes back to the ancient times and has still been a thriving business to this day. Nothing is going to change that; nothing.

AIDS :: AIDS Essays

AIDS is the final, life-threatening stage of the infection with human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiecy syndrome. The name refers to the fact that HIV severely damages the patient’s disease-fighting immune system. Cases of AIDS were first identified in 1981 in the United States, but scientists have traced cases to as early as 1959. Millions of AIDS cases have been diagnosed worldwide. HIV can be present in the body for 2 to 12 years without producing any outward signs of illness, yet there are definite symptoms. Infection with HIV appears to be lifelong in all that become infected. People infected with HIV eventually develop symptoms that also may be caused by other, less serious conditions. However, with HIV, these symptoms are prolonged and much more severe. They include enlarged lymph glands, tiredness, fever, loss of appetite and weight, diarrhea, yeast infections, and night sweats. HIV is commonly connected with a "wasting syndrome," which results in substantial weight loss, a general decline in health, and, in some cases, death. The virus also infects the nervous system. There, HIV may cause dementia, which is a condition characterized by sensory, thinking, and/or memory disorders. HIV infection of the brain may cause movement or coordination problems. HIV’s disruption of the immune system makes infected people susceptible to illnesses that are not normally serious. These diseases are called opportunistic illnesses because they take advantage of the damaged immune system. With the onset of several of these illnesses, an infected person is considered to have AIDS Researchers have identified three ways in which HIV is transmitted: sexual intercourse, direct contact with infected blood, and transmission from and infected mother to her fetus. The most common way of becoming infected in through sexual contact. In the United States, sexual transmission has occurred mainly among homosexual and bisexual men, but it is becoming more frequent among heterosexual men and women. HIV is transmitted through all forms of sexual intercourse, including genital, anal, and oral sex. Treatments have been developed, but cures for HIV and AIDS have not yet been found.

Nursing Process

Associate Degree Nursing Program Nursing Process Paper Maslow's Needs and |Assessment: Subjective |Nursing Diagnosis |Outcome Criteria/Goals |Nursing Interventions/ Nursing |Rationale plus |Evaluation/ | |Rationale for Need |Data and Objective Data |(Include the related |(Needs to be |Orders |Reference |Actual Outcome | | |(Designate Which) |to reason) |measureable) |(Individualize to patient/family)| | | | | | | | |Gulanick p. 19 and Mayo brochures on | | | | | | | |breastfeeding | | | |1. mother states she |Deficient knowledge: |Mother will demonstrate |1. Provide information on local |1. Allows patient to interact with others who|Outcome partially met. | |Teaching need. |does not belong to a |breast-feeding, |correct latching on |breastfeeding support groups, |have similar needs and a wealth of |We had one effective | | |support group for |related to lack of |technique by the end of |such as LLLI by dismissal. |information. |teaching session, but | |Maslow need: Safety |breastfeed ing moms. (s) |experience and lack of|my shift. | |mother needs more | |and security. | |exposure. | |2. Demonstrate the proper |2. Incorrect latching on is the primary |practice, more | | |2. mother states has only| | |latching on technique during my |reason for pain in breastfeeding, and lack of|self-confidence, and a| |Rationale: |observed pictures of | | |shift, and have mother try it |information can lead to feelings of |lot more sleep efore | |Safety and security |latching on, has never | | |herself. Offer feedback, and |helplessness. |she tries again. | |evolve from the |done so herself. (s) | | |repeat. | | | |absence of fear and | | | | |3. A lactation consultant has the most | | |anxiety, both of which|3. mother states she | | |3. Arrange for a visit from a |experience in teaching and answering | | |may be present as a |would like to have a | | |lactation consultant while at |questions about breastfeeding and will be | | |first-time mom |visit from a lactation | | |hospital. |seen as a competent authority. | | |attempts to |consultant (s) | | | | | | |breastfeed. | | | |4. Encourage repetition of |4. Repetition assists in remembering and in | | | |4. other states she is | | |information/skill during teaching|building confidence in new skills. | | | |overwhelmed and tired. | | |session. | | | | |(s) | | | | | | Associate Degree Nursing Program Nursing Process Paper |Maslow's Needs and |Assessment: Subjective Data |Nursing Diagnosis Outcome Criteria/Goals |Nursing Interventions/ Nursing Orders|Rationale plus |Evaluation/ | |Rationale for Need |and Objective Data (Designate|(Include the related|(Needs to be |(Individualize to patient/family) |Reference |Actual Outcome | | |Which) |to reason) |measureable) | | | | | | | | | |Gulanick p. 111 | | | |1. mother’s perineum is in |Risk for infection |Mother’s perineum and |1. Change pads often and teach |1. Use of correct cleaning technique and |Outcome met. Mother | |Mother need. |direct contact with a bloody |related to |the site of her |perineal cleansing technique to avoid|dry pads decreases the chances of spreading|demonstrated good | | |pad at all times. (o) |disruption of tissue|episiotomy repair will |infection during my shift. germs from anal area and deprives them of a|hand-washing technique, | |Maslow need: | |integrity of |remain free of infection| |moist environment to reproduce in. |good peri care during | |Physiological |2. mother has been observed |perineum secondary |during my shift, and |2. Instruct mother on the importance | |bathroom breaks, and | | |not to wash hands during |to interventions at |mother will voice |of hand washing for her own health as|2. Frequent hand washing with correct |ordered a good meal and | |Rationale: |trips to the bathroom (o) |time of delivery. |understanding of |well as that of her baby during my |technique reduces the spread of germs. plenty of fluids during | |This is a basic need | | |rationale for and |shift. | |my shift. | |for survival. If |3. mother complains of pain | |demonstrate proper hand | |3. It is important for mother to be able to| | |mother is fighting an |and swelling in perineum (s) | |washing technique and |3. Teach mother to recognize signs |differentiate normal pain and swelling from| | |infection, it will | | |good peri care. and symptoms of infection during my |signs of infection, and to know when to | | |prevent her from |4. mother has been on sips | | |shift. |contact her physician. | | |interacting with baby |and chips for past 36 hours | | | | | | |and caring for her new|(o) | | |4. Encourage intake of protein- and |4. Optimal nutrition will speed the healing| | |family. | | |calorie-rich foods during my shift |process, and fluids pro mote diluted urine | | | | | | |and encourage fluid intake of |and frequent emptying of bladder, reducing | | | | | | |2000-3000 mL daily during my shift |risk of infection in the perineal area. | | Associate Degree Nursing Program Nursing Process Paper Maslow's Needs and |Assessment: Subjective Data |Nursing Diagnosis |Outcome Criteria/Goals |Nursing Interventions/ Nursing Orders|Rationale plus |Evaluation/ | |Rationale for Need |and Objective Data (Designate|(Include the related to |(Needs to be |(Individualize to patient/family) |Reference |Actual Outcome | | |Which) |reason) |measureable) | | | | | | | | | |Gulanick p. 97 and Mayo brochures on | | | | | | | |breastfeeding | | | |1. mother states that prior |Risk for disturbed sleep|Mother will achieve |1. During my shift, instruct mother |1. This helps patients who would need to |Outcome partially | |Psychosocial need. |to the birth of her baby she |pattern related to the |optimal amounts of sleep|to avoid large fluid intake bef ore |void during the night, as mother did up |met. Complete | | |had not been sleeping well. |addition of a newborn to|as evidenced by rested |bedtime |until the birth. |evaluation of the | |Maslow need: |(s) |the household. appearance, | | |outcome will not be | |Physiological | | |verbalization of feeling|2. During my shift, create an |2. Allowing mother to rest whenever |able to be done as | | |2. mother is in a hospital | |rested, and improvement |environment conducive to sleep or |possible will give her the strength she |the behaviors extend| |Rationale: |setting, semi-private room, | |in sleep pattern.. |rest. Dim lights, limit visitors, |needs to care for baby and make good |to the period when | |This is a basic need |appears exhausted. o) | | |take baby to nursery. |choices. |parents return home | |for survival. If | | | | | |with baby. Father | |mother is |3. mother is nursing baby at | | |3. During my shift, suggest to mother|3. A new mother needs to get sleep when she|is participating in | |sleep-deprived it will|90 minute intervals (o) | | |that she nap whenever baby is |can. Allowing baby to wake her at night |care for baby, and | |affect her behavior | | | |napping, and to allow baby to wake |will eventually lead to baby sleeping |both parents slept | |and prevent her from |4. father appears | | |her for feedings at night. |longer at a time in the evenings. |soundly for an hour | |interacting with baby |well-rested, is supportive, | | | | |during my shift. | |and caring for her new|and voices eagerness to help | | |4. During my shift, encourage father |4. Involving father will give him a sense | | |family. |with baby cares (o, s) | | |to take baby for walks or to rock and|of responsibility for the baby and for the | | | | | | |play with baby to allow mother to |care of mother and will promote bonding | | | | | | |sleep. |with baby and rest for mother. | | Associate Degree Nursing Program Nursing Process Paper Maslow's Needs and |Assessment: Subjective Data |Nursing Diagnosis |Outcome Criteria/Goals |Nursing Interventions/ Nursing Orders|Rationale plus |Evaluation/ | |Rationale for Need |and Objective Data (Designate|(Include the related to |(Needs to be |(Individualize to patient/family) |Reference |Actual Outcome | | |Which) |reason) |measureable) | | | | | | | | | |Gulanick p. 109 and Olds’ textbook, p. 935| | | |1. baby is swaddled but not|Risk for ineffective |Baby will maitain an |1. Within the next 20 minutes |1. Heat loss tends to be greatest from the|Outcome met. | |Baby need. |wearing hat. (o) |thermo-regulation and |a xillary temperature of |procure and apply a covering for |top of the head. |Baby’s temperature | | | |cold stress related to |36. 4 – 37. degrees |baby’s head, and explain rationale to| |remained within | |Maslow need: |2. baby has not had her |extremes of age |Celsius during my shift. |parents for doing so. |2. One of the physical principles of heat |normal range during | |Physiological |first bath yet and needs one |(infant). | | |loss effects is evaporation: skin cools as|my stay and | | |on my shift. (o) | | |2. keep baby dry and covered as much |a result of water evaporation. Monitoring |throughout bath and | |Rationale: | | | |as possible during bath. Take |before and after bath will allow me to |assessments. | |This is a basic need |3. baby will be partially | | |axillary temp before and after bath. |react as needed if baby gets too cold. | | |for survival. If baby|exposed during her bath and | | | | | | |gets too cold, her |later during my infant | | |3. Use a radiant heater above |3. Another physical principles of heat | | |body’s effort to |assessments (o) | | |isolette during all procedures that |loss effects is radiation: loss of warmth | | |return to homeostasis | | | |involve uncovering baby. |to cooler surrounding air. | | |takes precedence over |4. baby is in the isolette | | | | | | |everything else. |in an open part of the room | | |4. Encourage mother to hold baby skin|4. Mother’s body temperature helps | | | |(potential for draft). (o) | | |to skin when nursing and to otherwise|regulate baby’s body temperature. | | | | | | |cuddle baby when awake during her |Additionally, skin to skin contact | | | | | | |stay at the hospital. |facilitates bonding as an added benefit. | |

Equality, Diversity and Rights within Health and Social Care Essay

Sex discrimination act 1975 This act applies for both men and women. It promotes that both men and women should be treated equally. For example, in transport, education, jobs etc. It promotes anti-discriminatory practice by making sure those men and women are treated equally, if this act applies didn’t exist, men and women may be deprived of certain choices. This act includes any discrimination against homosexual marriages or civil partnerships, any discrimination against pregnant women and maternity leave, also about equal pay for both men and women. Disability discrimination act 2005 This act applies to anyone that has some sort of disability. This act is in place to protect disabled people against discrimination both in employment and when using a service or facility. For example, anyone with a disability should have the same opportunities in work or learning places such as school, colleges or universities. In other places such as shops and banks, and to also make sure that they are treated fairly when they go somewhere to eat or drink, such as restaurants or pubs. Public transport services have to make sure trains; buses, etc. are accessible and have the right facilities for anyone with a disability. â€Å"The government has implemented the legislation in three phases. Phase 1 in 1996 made it illegal to treat disabled people less favourably because of their disability. Phase 2 in 1999 obliged businesses to make ‘reasonable adjustments’ for disabled staff, like providing support or equipment. They also have to start making changes to the way they provide their services to customers, for example providing bank statements in large print. Phase 3 from October 2004, businesses may have to make physical alterations to their premises to overcome access barriers. The example people most readily think of is installing ramps for wheelchair users. M2 For this task, I am assess the influence of one recent national policy initiative promoting anti-discriminatory practice on a particular setting. There are various policies promoting discriminatory practice but I am going to explain the mental health act and the mental capacity act 2005. The mental health act 1983, amended again in 2007, with the mental capacity act is a basic guide for people in the care industry to follow to protect the rights of people with some sort of a mental disability and with the main objective is for them to have the best effective care and treatment. The mental health act 1983 is a substantial framework for anyone who is working within care and working with people with a mental health condition. This initiative provides a logical format which stabilities both the law and legal principles in order for mental health workers to come to a settled judgement about someone’s health. This act was amended again in 2007 because there was various reports in which abuse and neglect was suspected and then found out in some mental health institutions, which are branded with discrimination. The only reason that this act was amended was to protect the service users from abuse and discrimination by providing a straight-forward guideline in which all health care professionals must follow to protect the patients from discrimination. The importance of this act is to ensure that people are receiving an effective service with boundaries and laws to protect the individual’s vulnerability and maximising their safety and well-being and most importantly protecting them from any harm. Since the act was amended there has been a significant reduction in the amount of cases that have been reported of abuse and any death. Patients have been treated with more respect and dignity and these patients have now the opportunity not to be discriminated as the act now instructs how and what measures would be taken to protect a service user. However despite this piece of legislation the major issue of perception and preconception against mentally ill patients still exists. This act however does not cover any discrimination within the community but still covers it when admitted into hospital. This also connects to the equality act 2010 as it makes it illegal to discriminate directly or indirectly against someone with a mental health condition within public services and functions, access to any premises,  work, education, associations, and finally transport. D1 For this task, I am going to evaluate the success of the recent initiative in promoting anti-discriminatory practice. I am going to evaluate the mental health act 1983 and how the act’s initiatives promotes anti-discriminatory practice and I am also going to compare the amended version in 2007 and how this has promoted anti-discriminatory practice and how it has improved people’s lives. The mental health act was created in 1983 to make society as fair as possible but it also has had some negative areas. The act says about the ‘removal’ of people with mental disorders. This could be seen as discrimination e.g. marginalisation because you would be making someone feel isolated from society and feel as if they could not be part of that certain part of the community. This act is purely to help and protect those with mental health issues and safeguard those around them. This act was updated from 2001 and finalised in 2007 because the language used in the act was changed. Also issues, treatments on different conditions and ‘treatment tests’ and ‘condition tests ’ were altered additionally. The language was changed in the act because it therefore more politically more correct as no one likes the idea of being ‘removed’ from society. The aim of the act in 2007 is to give people more choice in life, to receive fair and equal opportunities so that they can lead a healthy lifestyle and have a good life with a career etc. Article 4 of the act intrigues to me because of the language used to change the fact that it could come across as discrimination. Impairment in other words means ‘abnormality’ which could come across as belligerent to those who suffer with psychological disorders, this then would present them as ‘lesser’ and therefore more likely to prejudice comments. However the word ‘impairment’ implies that someone isn’t able to lead a normal life and in some cases that is untrue. Recently the government has canvassed through radio and posters to convince the public that there is nothing wrong with having any psychological disorders, and these people shouldn’t be marginalised. Some people use the word ‘mental disorder’ when describing someone with a mental health problem because it again leads these people to be marginalised and have prejudice thoughts about them all the time. Additionally, these certain people do have amazing talents, have successful lives and have a normal life because their society has been taught different. The main changes in 2007 was the language and format of the ac and how procedures and treatment are carried out. An example of this would be that the words ‘psychiatric disorder’, ‘mental illness’ = and ‘mental impairment’ were exchanged with ‘mental illness’. This was done because then it doesn’t categorise each person into a different group and it being changed to ‘mental illness’ it applies to all disabilities and disorders of the mind. They have also created new roles of nurses, psychologists and other health professionals to become an approved mental health professional (AMHP). This is when people are specifically trained in many different ways to promote anti-discriminatory practice. The amendments made in 2007 were originally supposed to change the entire 1983 act but members of parliament voted against this because the new amendments freed the treatability test to allow clinicians to access individuals appropriately and professionally before creating the correct treatment and care. Even though the act has been prosperous in some ways there have been certain issues and provocative issues on why the entire act wasn’t improved or why it needed to be improved. Not only was that but in 1983, the government unsuccessful to reach their targets regarding treatment, equality in society and diversity. It also miscarried to reduce the amount of individuals suffering with mental disorders. P5 For this task, I will describe at least five ways in which anti-discriminatory practice is promoted in health and social care settings. In a health and social care setting, for example, the nursing home I work in (for confidential reasons I cannot reveal the name of it), there are various ways in which anti-discriminatory practice is promoted. The five ways are: There is a variety of menus and food available for anyone; There is wheelchair access all-round the home; There is diverse staff; We do not discriminate; We always promote an individual’s rights. The chef and kitchen staff always have the thought of the religious beliefs and health of the residents when preparing breakfast/lunch/dinner/snack for them. For example, in the nursing home I work in, the majority of residents are of Jewish belief, but there are also Catholics. So if there was roast pork on the menu for lunch, the Jewish residents could have the choice to pick and choose what they would want for lunch. With this menu they could have roast chicken or beef, or even something completely different like a sandwich or an omelette. The kitchen staff think about a resident’s health condition as well because e.g. there is a man in my nursing home that cannot chew proper food and is also diabetic. For his lunch (if it was roast pork again), they could have a minced dinner with everything else (e.g. vegetables/potatoes). Then for his dessert, he could choose between the diabetic pudding, which is a baked apple, diabetic ice cream, or a yogurt. I believe this promotes an ti-discriminatory practice because they always think about the residents before preparing anything for them which includes their diet. There is wheelchair access throughout the whole home. The doors have been especially wide to fit wide wheelchairs, there are stair lifts for anyone who cannot walk down them or need the help of the wheelchair to get them down. There is always the option of going down in our lift which goes to each floor of the home. There is also ramps coming into and out of the home so it doesn’t stop anyone from not coming in. I believe this promotes anti-discriminatory practice because we don’t stop anyone from not coming in for going from a to b. There is a variety of staff working within the nursing home I work in. The majority of the staff would be eastern European girls, but there is also a lot of African/West Indian/Caribbean staff within my work. Additionally there are a lot of Asian men and women working in the home and surprisingly there are 3 people who are fully British that work in our home, whether be in power in the home, in the caring side and the kitchen side. I believe this promotes anti-discriminatory practice because our home doesn’t reject someone from being part of our little family because we believe we can’t stop someone from being part of our family (within reason). In my nursing home, we always ensure that we treat people in a respective way. Some behaviour from a carer or a nurse could be  misunderstood and seen as if they are patronising the resident because of a condition they may have. Always as a carer/nurse one of my roles would be to make any judgement on what may or may not be happening. I have to always listen to the patient or service user if there is any sort of problem and see how a problem that could be happening could be resolved, then I would have to take appropriate action and monitor the situation carefully. I believe this promotes anti-discriminatory practice because we do not want to be dis-respectful to anyone who is using our service. Promoting an individual’s rights can be met in many different ways such as if a person has any learning or speaking difficulties, it would be my responsibility or someone in powers responsibility to get help for the service user and this could mean getting an advocate to help the resident portray what they wanted to say. All service users should be made to feel as if they are just as important as everyone else in the home and be treated with the same amount of respect. I believe this promotes anti-discriminatory practice because we do not stop anyone from being what they want or getting what they want just because they have a learning/speaking difficulties or even walking difficulties. M3 and D2 For this task, I will discuss at least three difficulties that may arise when implementing anti-discriminatory practice in health and social care settings and also to justify how to overcome these difficulties. I will be putting M3 and D2 together as they are similar in task targets. The three difficulties I will be talking about will be locality, discrimination, and socialisation. Locality could be a difficulty when implementing anti-discriminatory practice because for example in a GP’s surgery, and if the majority of the doctors were white, this would pose a problem as if there was a black patient they could feel uninvolved and that they are not equal as the surgery is not promoting that all races are equal by not employing doctors from other ethnic backgrounds. This difficulty could be easily overcome by employing other GP’s from other ethnic backgrounds so that all the races feel included  and equal. To also overcome this, is to give more staff training to the staff, to make sure that they would know how to deal with other people from other ethnic backgrounds. This therefore makes patients feel as if they are not being discriminated against. Staff training is also more effective that presenting posters that say that all patients all equal because although is shows that for example both sexes are equal, the surgery isn’t actually applying that into their work. Furthermore, staff training will propose a chance to discuss possible inequalities whereas posters would offer that option and opinion. Another difficulty that could come up when implementing anti-discriminatory practice is a health status of someone. For example, this could be a difficulty in a hospital because if a patient is in pain and shouting racial abuse at another patient, this could either be the reason of their pain and that they are angry and have to take their anger out on a complete stranger. This could pose as a problem as the other patient who is being discriminated against and furthermore being denied of their rights because of their race. This could be overcome again by staff training, this would be teaching nurses and doctors how to neutralize a situation of anger and how they could calm down a patient easily, so they would stop being racially abusive to the other patient and this therefore would stop the patient from being discriminated against as the abuse would have been stopped. Again posters would not be effective enough to stop any racial abuse as the patients would not pay enough attention to them. So therefore staff would then have to obstruct the situation and this then would be operative and be more probable to stop the judgement. Socialisation is another difficulty in implementing anti-discriminatory practice especially in health and social care setting. For example, in a doctor’s surgery if a young adult was brought up to think that men and women were not equal in their society; they would think this is normal whereas the society they live in is completely different. For instance, in a doctor’s surgery, if a woman was brought up to think that women are not equal to men and men are better. Then if she came into her GP surgery and got the last appointment of the day, and there was a man after her wanting an  appointment, she would then swap her appointment for another day even if she has a serious condition, just because she thought the man deserved it better than her. This therefor would mean that the women would have to suspend her appointment to another day, therefore her illness would deteriorate and could become even more ill than she needed to be just because she gave her appointment away to the man just because he apparently has the right to have it because of his gender. Then when she does go to the doctor, the doctor would say to her she should have come to them earlier when her illness was in the earlier stages as it would be easier to be dealt with. To overcome this difficulty, the doctor’s surgery should employ more staff so that there are other appointments available. Again the staff should be trained more to advise the patients that their men and women are equal and have the same rights as everyone. This patient needs to know that she has the same opportunities as men and this problem doesn’t need to prevent her from getting her appointment again or another situation in which she thinks that men are better than her and have all the advantages over her. For this case, to overcome this, the staff would just have to positively promote her rights and staff training would be more advantageous as they can address her problem specifically whereas any posters or leaflets wouldn’t be paid attention to as much as someone saying it to her. For example, in a residential nursing home, if a female care worker (and she was brought up to think that men were more important than women) was working on a floor which had 10 rooms all of which are occupied by residents. 7 of these residents are women like the care worker herself and the other 3 were male. It was then noticed that this care worker was putting the males priorities ahead of the women’s, this is the wrong thing to do especially in a care home, just because she was brought up to think that men come always before women. This care worker is then not promoting anit-discriminatory practice, in fact she is discriminating against the women who live in the home. If this was to happen and action would need to be taken immediately because she is supposed to treat everyone equally and not as if one person is better than another. This is a problem when implementing anti-discriminatory practice because she is discriminating, however there is ways in which this problem could be overcome. There are two simple ways in which gender discrimination can be overcome in this sort of circumstance: 1. You first could give a verbal or  written warning to the female care worker because they have done something against the rules of their job and of which they cannot break. This is a good way in which discriminatory practice can be overcome because this gives the fear to that care worker that if they do it again they could lose their job due to putting the males priorities in front of the women’s. 2. Second of all, you could give that care worker a training session on ant-discriminatory practice and how to stop discriminatory practice. This would be an effective way to overcome discriminatory practice because it teaches the individual how to behave in their job and to treat everyone as equals and not to favourite some people over others. References: Health & Social Care – Book 1 – Level 3 BTEC National Series editors: Beryl Stretch and Mary Whitehouse Health & Social Care (Adults)- 3rd edition – Level 3 Diploma By Yvonne Nolan

American Films and Mall Floor Essays

American Films and Mall Floor Essays American Films and Mall Floor Essay American Films and Mall Floor Essay In my attempt to remember the night, Id discovered why some things were convenient to forget. My head was throbbing. But it wasnt Just from lack of hydration, it was also from excessive humiliation. And the question still remained: had I attacked **** with my tongue? In more ways than one? And did I ruin his shoes? No. F-ing. Way. I KISSED This was bad. This was bad bad. This was the Colossus of bad. They were going to build a giant freaking statue commemorating my horror and terrible decision-making nd unintended bestie betrayal. And then theyd probably build another. Whoever they were. The kiss was Just an additional thing I could add to the list of reasons why Id potentially Just screwed up everything with****. But for now, **** could wait. Sienna couldnt. I had to talk to her before doing anything else. The kiss didnt mean anything. I didnt even remember it. If only I could make her forget it, too shed understand, right? Unlike **** ****** wasnt afraid to be a dork. And I was ready to dork out with him. I was living in the moment. And I didnt know if it was by chance or by choice. But I didnt care. It was time for me to bust a move. On the mall floor, Brittney found out that ***** had been her missed connection. I told **** Id explain it later, but in truth, the story was short. Brittney had connected with the guy she thought was missing. Which made me wonder if I was still missing the guy I had been connected to? And then I stopped thinking. And I let myself live in the moment. Everything with ****** was easy. Everything was as it was meant to be. Cuz finally the other guy I had been pining over was all but a distant forty feet away. **** had come to find me at the dance. Clusterf*ck #1. And he saw me in a scene with ******. Clusterf*ck #2. We were speaking in code and he wanted to know if it was too late. Too late to be with me. I was confused. I didnt know if I should listen to my head or my heart. So I went with my hand. that slipped into ****** One door to my heart had closed. Which meant a new one could open. And

Berkelium Element Facts - Atomic Number 97 or Bk

Berkelium Element Facts - Atomic Number 97 or Bk Berkelium is one of the radioactive synthetic elements made in the cyclotron at Berkeley, California and the one that honors the work of this lab by bearing its name. It was the fifth transuranium element discovered (following neptunium, plutonium, curium, and americium). Heres a collection of facts about element 97 or Bk, including its history and properties: Element Name Berkelium Atomic Number 97 Element Symbol Bk Atomic Weight 247.0703 Berkelium Discovery Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., and Albert Ghiorso produced berkelium in December, 1949 at the University of California, Berkeley (United States). The scientists bombarded americium-241 with alpha particles in a cyclotron to yield berkelium-243 and two free neutrons. Berkelium Properties Such a small quantity of this element has been produced that very little is known about its properties. Most of the available information is based on predicted properties, based on the elements location on the periodic table. It is a paramagnetic metal and has one of the lowest bulk modulus  values of the actinides. Bk3 ions are fluorescent at 652 nanometers (red) and 742 nanometers (deep red). Under ordinary conditions, berkelium metal assumes hexagonal symmetry, transforming to a face-centered cubic structure under pressure at room temperature, and an orthorhombic structure upon compression to 25 GPa. Electron Configuration [Rn] 5f9  7s2 Element Classification Berkelium is a member of the actinide element group or transuranium element series. Berkelium Name Origin Berkelium is pronounced as  BURK-lee-em. The element is named after Berkeley, California, where it was discovered. The element californium is also named for this lab. Density 13.25 g/cc Appearance Berkelium has a traditional shiny, metallic appearance. It is a soft, radioactive solid at room temperature. Melting Point The melting point of berkelium metal is  986  Ã‚ °C. This value is below that of neighbor element curium  (1340  Ã‚ °C), but higher than that of californium  (900  Ã‚ °C). Isotopes All of the isotopes of berkelium are radioactive. Berkelium-243 was the first isotope to be produced. The most stable isotope is berkelium-247, which has a half-life of 1380 years, eventually decaying into americium-243 via alpha decay. About 20 isotopes of berkelium are known. Pauling Negativity Number 1.3 First Ionizing Energy The first ionizing energy is predicted to be about 600 kJ/mol. Oxidation States The most common oxidation states of berkelium are 4 and 3. Berkelium Compounds Berkelium chloride (BkCl3) was the first Bk compound produced in sufficient quantity to be visible. The compound was synthesized in 1962 and weighed approximately 3 billionths of a gram. Other compounds which have been produced and studied using x-ray diffraction include berkelium oxychloride, berkelium fluoride (BkF3), berkelium dioxide (BkO2), and berkelium trioxide (BkO3). Berkelium Uses Since so little berkelium has ever been produced, there are no known uses of the element at this time aside from scientific research. Most of this research goes toward synthesis of heavier elements. A 22-milligram sample of berkelium was synthesized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and was used to make element 117 for the first time, by bombarding the berkelium-249 with calcium-48 ions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia. The element does not occur naturally, so additional samples must be produced in a lab. Since 1967, just over 1 gram of berkelium has been produced, in total! Berkelium Toxicity The toxicity of berkelium has not been well-studied, but its safe to assume it presents a health hazard if ingested or inhaled, due to its radioactivity. Berkelium-249 emits low-energy electrons and is reasonably safe to handle. It decays in alpha-emitting californium-249, which remains relatively safe for handling, but does result in free-radical production and self-heating of the sample. Berkelium Fast Facts Element Name: BerkeliumElement Symbol: BkAtomic Number: 97Appearance: Silvery metalElement Category: ActinideDiscovery: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1949) Sources Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Peterson, J. R.; Fahey, J. A.; Baybarz, R. D. (1971). The crystal structures and lattice parameters of berkelium metal. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 33 (10): 3345–51. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(71)80656-5Thompson, S.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. (1950). The New Element Berkelium (Atomic Number 97). Physical Review. 80 (5): 781. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.80.781Thompson, Stanley G.; Seaborg, Glenn T. (1950). Chemical Properties of Berkelium. OSTI Technical Report doi:10.2172/932812

Discussion post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Discussion post - Essay Example As indicated in the regulations and guidelines issued by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, the IRB teams should comprise of at least five individuals including a representative of the community. This enables the IRB to review a proposed research on the basis of community, legal and professional acceptability (Codina, 2014). After going through ‘Protecting Human Research Participant’ course, I had an opportunity of discussing with a nurse engaging in research about prevention of ventilator pneumonia in babies in the ICU. From information gathered, the nurse had completed the initial training in research ethics prior to submission of a protocol. She was able to undertake the online training offered by the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI), for engaging institutions (Mateo & Foreman, 2013). In my workplace, the IRB comprises of two hospital administrators, clinicians, nurses, a professional in medical ethics, two lay individuals from the community, and a statistical professional. The IRB maintains an equal gender ratio. The IRB acts as a screening centre for issues of conflict of interest in research or institution and is also responsible for monitoring difficulties in the study. The IRB is governed by FDA, and its practices and policies are reviewed periodically for cert ification (Zenios et al.,

Ethical Hacking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Ethical Hacking - Essay Example It can be used to protect an organization against an attack because it spots out and potentially prevents intrusions that breach the system’s firewalls or those that occur behind the local area network (LAN) or the firewall (IATAC, 2009, p.3). Thus, IDS can provide organizations real-time or near-real-time monitoring of a host or a network and defend them from hacking. IDS cannot always detect footprinting stages. The wrong results in an IDS are categorized into two kinds: false positives and false negatives (IATAC, 2009, p.4). False positives happen when an IDS wrongly sees a problem with benign traffic (IATAC, 2009, p.4). False negatives take place when malicious traffic is not recognized by the IDS (IATAC, 2009, p.4). When this happens, hackers’ footprinting efforts can enter the system and evade the systematic monitors of an IDS. Also, an IDS cannot evade successful social engineering tactics. These tactics gathers useful information about the system that can be used to determine vulnerabilities and other useful information. Two scanning and enumeration tools that the organization can use are Port Scanning and Null Session tools. Port scanning can be done by Nmap- it is a program made for network mapping tool. Nmap does different network functions, such as fingerprinting a system, finding ports that are common to a specific network device, and determining the servers, such as recognizing that System B is actually a Solaris server. The Windows Server Message Block (SMB) protocol provides free information. Null Sessions are not on by default in Win XP, Server 2003, Vista, and Windows 7 but open in Win 2000 and NT. Some of the Null Session Tools are Dumpsec, Winfo, Sid2User, and NBTenun 3.3. Scanning and enumeration can be taken to the next level through using vulnerability assessment tools that respond to scanning and enumeration activities. Vulnerability